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All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. NK, DZ, and EB-I worked on design, data collection, data analysis, and writing. LW contributed in inferring the study’s conclusions and in the writing. Conflict of Interest The current study has several strengths. The participants with ASD underwent a comprehensive diagnosis based on the widely used diagnostic tools (ADOS and ADI-R). The inclusion criteria were strict regarding cognition, both verbal and non-verbal. The research group was relatively large, as compared with previous studies, and the age range of participants was relatively narrow, which strengthened the homogeneity of the group. Travel Tuesday is a great time to book your flights for the next year, as many airlines offer discounts and promotions on various destinations. One frog is choosing to look at a painting rather than watch television with the other frogs. Do you think they have different personalities?

On Travel Tuesday, these alliances often leverage the shopping frenzy to roll out special promotions and discounts, making it an ideal time to explore their benefits. The Tuesday story gives an excellent conceptual framework for semantic-pragmatic analysis. In addition to many basic, concrete details, such as characters, settings, objects, and events, it contains several unique ideas. These ideas will be referred to, from now on, as central ideas. They require the integration of details into global meanings, and the ability to infer implicit and abstract concepts from apparent information. Some ideas require reference to the characters’ emotional and cognitive states, and some require the interpretation of social contexts. In contrast to events, as analyzed in previous studies, and actions, as analyzed in the current study, central ideas require interpretation beyond the concrete visual stimuli and the ability to relate to information conveyed in previous pictures. Thus, the main goal of the current study was to identify the specific semantic-pragmatic measures that differentiate the Tuesday narratives of children with ASD from the narratives of their TD age-matched controls, at both the concrete and the abstract, global levels. Since semantics-pragmatics is a core area of impairment in the language of children with ASD, we were interested in determining whether there is a correlation between the semantic-pragmatic skills of children with ASD, as expressed by their ability to relate to the story’s central ideas, and their autism severity level. The participants in this study were comprised of children in the youngest age range specified for using the Tuesday story, 4;10–7;00 (Module 3 is designed for children and adolescents who have fluent language skills, estimated at a 4-year-old level in functional expressive language or higher). This is the first study in which children under 6 years of age have been examined. Imagine you are an expert on the ‘Tuesday Evening Phenomenon’. A journalist has come to interview you. In pairs, improvise the interview. Share your ideas in a group. Which did you like best? Crepuscular tones

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We compared the percentage of evaluation expressions (out of the total length) between the ASD and the TD groups using a one-way ANCOVA. No significant group effect was found ( Table 2). In addition, a non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was performed and did not yield a significant group effect ( Z = −1.1, p = 0.29). Unrelated Text Synopsis: The events recorded here are verified by an undisclosed source to have happened somewhere, U.S.A.. on Tuesday. All those in doubt are reminded that there is always another Tuesday. The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Ethics Statement The quantitative measure chosen to reflect the overall length of the produced narrative was the number of clauses, in simple sentences (one independent clause), in compound sentences (two independent clauses or more), and in complex sentences (at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause). Utterances that were “yes/no” responses, reflections on the story (e.g., “this is a long story”), and unintelligible sentences/clauses, were excluded from this count. Syntactic complexity Group means of participants’ characteristics (e.g., age, cognitive subtest scores) and all continuous variables (e.g., number of settings, characters, central ideas) were compared between the groups using one-way ANCOVAs or MANCOVAs. Since parental education was found to be higher for the control group, it was entered as a covariate to all comparisons. For effect sizes, omega squared values were used (0.01 = small effect; 0.06 = medium effect; >0.14 = large effect). All continuous dependent variables in the study were examined for normality of distribution in each of the examined groups. The number of prompts (for the ASD group), the percentage of morphological errors and subordinate clauses (for both groups), and the number of evaluative comments (for both groups) did not show normal distribution as Skewness and Kurtosis values were not within the range of −1.96 to +1.96 ( Kim, 2013). All other variables showed normal distributions in both groups according to this criterion. To avoid possible multicollinearity between continuous dependent variables, Pearson correlation analyses were performed between these measures. All correlations ranged from 0.01 to 0.61 (<0.7), therefore multicollinearity was ruled out for the examined variables. For the variables with non-normal distribution, non-parametric Mann–Whitney tests were added to the analyses. For categorical variables (e.g., percentage of participants who included each special idea in their narratives) non-parametric tests were used. In addition, correlations were performed between the semantic-pragmatic measures and measures of autism severity (ADOS–CSS-SA, ADOS–CSS-RRB) using Pearson correlation analyses. Reliability

urn:oclc:758984513 Republisher_date 20120801032040 Republisher_operator [email protected] Scandate 20120731112111 Scanner scribe28.shenzhen.archive.org Scanningcenter shenzhen Worldcat (source edition) Tuesday won the Caldecott Medal in 1992 and in his acceptance speech Wiesner emphasised the open-endedness of visual storytelling. He said, ‘A wordless book offers a different kind of an experience from one with text, for both the author and the reader. There is no author’s voice telling the story. Each viewer reads the book in his or her own way. The reader is an integral part of the storytelling process. As a result, there are as many versions of what happened that Tuesday night as there are readers.’

The average number of evaluative comments was not found to differentiate the groups in the current study, which is consistent with the findings of Rumpf et al. (2012); Banney et al. (2014), and Kauschke et al. (2016). Likewise, the current study did not find a group difference in relation to utterances that were not directly related to the story. Our measure included associative comments and descriptions that pointed to an inaccurate interpretation of the story’s pictures. In Suh et al. (2014), a measure of “idiosyncratic language and unusual references” was defined as language that is used in an unconventional manner, such as overly formal speech, scripted language, or made-up words. The researchers found that more participants with ASD used idiosyncratic language than their TD peers. An interesting finding in the current study is related to the relatively high percentage of unrelated utterances that were produced by the TD participants. This finding suggests that imaginative stories such as Tuesday may be difficult for many children aged 5;0–7;0 to interpret, and this may reduce their ability to fully express their narrative competence. The Normative Performance on the Tuesday Story Write a newspaper report for the events either in newspaper style or as an outside broadcast, children could act out the latter in groups - interviewing key witnesses etc. In addition to the identified deficits in the narrative competence of children with ASD, the findings of the current study shed an important light on the normative performance of young TD children. To date, data regarding the characteristics of narratives produced by TD children of the Tuesday story have not been available to researchers and clinicians. The developmental literature points to significant gains in the narrative capacity of children 5;0–7;0 years old (e.g., Berman and Neeman, 1994). The Tuesday storybook is part of the ADOS diagnostic battery, and it is important to know what can be expected of TD children in the specified age range. Looking at the numbers of items in each category expressed by the TD participants, it can be seen that children between 5;0–7;0 years of age are capable of including in their Tuesday narratives about 80% of the characters, 60% of the actions, 40% of the objects, 40% of the settings, and 30% of the story’s central ideas, as detailed in this study’s analysis scheme. Implications of the Current Study

As above, invite the children to share their thoughts and use the supplementary prompts, if needed. Create a twilight palette of blues, greens and greys as David Wiesner has done. Paint a scene from the book, or your own scene set at this time of day. You might like to use the internet or other sources to find an image of John Singer Sargent’s ‘Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose’ and talk about the way the artists has captured the twilight with white flowers and glowing lanterns. Prize-winning booksText isn’t a direct contributor the story; there’s a grand total of six words in the whole story and are used to describe the time and date. What it does instead is create a mysterious and tone; The use of so little words in the story make the reader feel like they don’t really know what will happen. The line “Tuesday evening, around eight,” is very vague, not revealing anything, just the time. The time of day revealed in the text also adds to the tone. For a child, that time usually means time for bed but for the story, it means the beginning. Additionally, consider in-flight entertainment options, Wi-Fi availability and seat comfort, especially for longer journeys. Airlines like American, United and JetBlue may have varying levels of amenities, so understanding what you value most can help you choose the best deal for your preferences. It should be noted that in all the described analyses, parental education did not yield a significant effect. Correlations of Semantic-Pragmatic Measures and ASD Severity

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