The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures: The Ultimate Illustrated Reference Guide to 1000 Dinosaurs and Prehistoric ... Commissioned Artworks, Maps and Photographs

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Prior to the dinosaur renaissance, dinosaurs were mostly classified using the traditional rank-based system of Linnaean taxonomy. The renaissance was also accompanied by the increasingly widespread application of cladistics, a more objective method of classification based on ancestry and shared traits, which has proved tremendously useful in the study of dinosaur systematics and evolution. Cladistic analysis, among other techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record. [69] [70] Reference books summarizing the state of dinosaur research, such as David B. Weishampel and colleagues' The Dinosauria, made knowledge more accessible [71] and spurred further interest in dinosaur research. The release of the first and second editions of The Dinosauria in 1990 and 2004, and of a review paper by Paul Sereno in 1998, were accompanied by increases in the number of published phylogenetic trees for dinosaurs. [72] Soft tissue and molecular preservation An Edmontosaurus specimen's skin impressions found in 1999 Randall, Lisa (2015). Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe. New York: HarperCollins: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-232847-2. LCCN 2016427646. OCLC 962371431. Padian, Kevin, ed. (1986). The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol.8. San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-0-940228-14-6. OCLC 946083441. OL 9826926M. Heilmann, Gerhard (1926). The Origin of Birds. London; New York: H. F. & G. Witherby; D. Appleton & Company. LCCN 27001127. OCLC 606021642. Arbour, V. (2018). "Results roll in from the dinosaur renaissance". Science. 360 (6389): 611. Bibcode: 2018Sci...360..611A. doi: 10.1126/science.aat0451. S2CID 46887409.

Tanner, Spielmann & Lucas 2013, pp. 562–566, "The first Norian (Revueltian) rhynchosaur: Bull Canyon Formation, New Mexico, U.S.A." by Justin A. Spielmann, Spencer G. Lucas and Adrian P. Hunt. Dodson, Peter; Gingerich, Philip D., eds. (1993). "Functional Morphology and Evolution". The American Journal of Science and Arts. A special volume of the American Journal of Science. New Haven, CT: Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. 293-A. ISSN 0002-9599. OCLC 27781160. Robert Plot" (PDF). Learning more. Oxford: Oxford University Museum of Natural History. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2006 . Retrieved November 14, 2019.

Atlascopcosaurus

Dyke & Kaiser 2011, chpt. 14: "Bird Evolution Across the K–Pg Boundary and the Basal Neornithine Diversification" by Bent E. K. Lindow. doi: 10.1002/9781119990475.ch14

While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal, many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines. While the dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodied—the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18m (59ft) and were the largest land animals of all time. The misconception that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small, some measuring about 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length. Holtz, T.R. Jr.; Brett-Surman, M.K. (1997). "The Taxonomy and Systematics of Dinosaurs". The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.209–223. ISBN 978-0-253-33349-0.Despite the terms "bird hip" (Ornithischia) and "lizard hip" (Saurischia), birds are not part of Ornithischia. Birds instead belong to Saurischia, the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs—birds evolved from earlier dinosaurs with "lizard hips". [30] Taxonomy Research by Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman, and Paul M. Barrett in 2017 suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. Phylogenetic analysis by Baron et al. recovered the Ornithischia as being closer to the Theropoda than the Sauropodomorpha, as opposed to the traditional union of theropods with sauropodomorphs. This would cause sauropods and kin to fall outside traditional dinosaurs, so they re-defined Dinosauria as the last common ancestor of Triceratops horridus, Passer domesticus and Diplodocus carnegii, and all of its descendants, to ensure that sauropods and kin remain included as dinosaurs. They also resurrected the clade Ornithoscelida to refer to the group containing Ornithischia and Theropoda. [15] [16] General description Triceratops skeleton, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in Victorian England, where in 1854, three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains, a menagerie of lifelike dinosaur sculptures was unveiled in London's Crystal Palace Park. The Crystal Palace dinosaurs proved so popular that a strong market in smaller replicas soon developed. In subsequent decades, dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and museums around the world, ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way. [330] The enduring popularity of dinosaurs, in its turn, has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science, and has frequently spurred new discoveries. In the United States, for example, the competition between museums for public attention led directly to the Bone Wars of the 1880s and 1890s, during which a pair of feuding paleontologists made enormous scientific contributions. [331] a b Benton, M.J. (2008). "Fossil quality and naming dinosaurs". Biology Letters. 4 (6): 729–732. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0402. PMC 2614166. PMID 18796391.

Zhou, Z. (2014). "The Jehol Biota, an Early Cretaceous terrestrial Lagerstätte: new discoveries and implications". National Science Review. 1 (4): 543–559. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwu055. Dinosaur bones 'used as medicine' ". BBC News. London: BBC. July 6, 2007. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019 . Retrieved November 4, 2019. Schweitzer, M.H.; Lindgren, J.; Moyer, A.E. (2015). "Melanosomes and ancient coloration re-examined: a response to Vinther 2015 (DOI 10.1002/bies.201500018)". BioEssays. 37 (11): 1174–1183. doi: 10.1002/bies.201500061. PMID 26434749. S2CID 45178498. Comparisons between the scleral rings of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs. Although it has been suggested that most dinosaurs were active during the day, these comparisons have shown that small predatory dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids, Juravenator, and Megapnosaurus were likely nocturnal. Large and medium-sized herbivorous and omnivorous dinosaurs such as ceratopsians, sauropodomorphs, hadrosaurids, ornithomimosaurs may have been cathemeral, active during short intervals throughout the day, although the small ornithischian Agilisaurus was inferred to be diurnal. [173] Starrfelt, Jostein; Liow, Lee Hsiang (2016). "How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 371 (1691): 20150219. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0219. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4810813. PMID 26977060.Organ, C.L.; Schweitzer, M.H.; Zheng, W.; Freimark, L.M.; Cantley, L.C.; Asara, J.M. (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetics of Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex". Science. 320 (5875): 499. Bibcode: 2008Sci...320..499O. doi: 10.1126/science.1154284. PMID 18436782. S2CID 24971064. Chiappe, Luis M.; Witmer, Lawrence M., eds. (2002). Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20094-4. LCCN 2001044600. OCLC 901747962. Plot, Robert (1677). The Natural History of Oxford-shire: Being an Essay toward the Natural History of England. Oxford; London: S. Millers. LCCN 11004267. OCLC 933062622 . Retrieved November 13, 2019.

Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva (August 26, 2020). "A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs". Biology Letters. 16 (8): 20200417. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417. PMC 7480155. PMID 32842895. While recent discoveries have made it more difficult to present a universally agreed-upon list of their distinguishing features, nearly all dinosaurs discovered so far share certain modifications to the ancestral archosaurian skeleton, or are clearly descendants of older dinosaurs showing these modifications. Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits, they are considered typical for Dinosauria; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. Such modifications, originating in the most recent common ancestor of a certain taxonomic group, are called the synapomorphies of such a group. [30] Labeled diagram of a typical archosaur skull, the skull of Dromaeosaurus Chamary, JV (September 30, 2014). "Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs And Other Saurs – Big Differences". Forbes. Jersey City, NJ. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014 . Retrieved October 2, 2018.

Main article: Dinosaur renaissance John Ostrom's original restoration of Deinonychus, published in 1969