The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry

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Western philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, [21] [22] Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, Carl Gustav Carus, Søren Aabye Kierkegaard, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [23] and Thomas Carlyle [24] used the word unconscious. [25]

Westen, Drew (1999). "The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes: Is Freud Really Dead?". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 47 (4): 1061–1106. doi: 10.1177/000306519904700404. ISSN 0003-0651.Kovel, Joel (1991). A Complete Guide to Therapy: From Psychoanalysis to Behaviour Modification. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013631-2. There have of course been a number of major revisions of psychoanalytic views of the unconscious over the past century, not to mention the alternative models offered by Janet and Jung contemporaneously with Freud. The drive or energy-based aspects of the proposal have been radically altered, for example by so-called object relations theorists such as Fairbairn and by the increasingly influential work of John Bowlby on the internal representation of attachment relationships. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand,T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–479.

Mayr E. Evolution and the diversity of life. Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA: 1976. [ Google Scholar] Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review. 1977; 84:231–259. [ Google Scholar] Henri F. Ellenberger was born in British Rhodesia to Swiss parents, and spent his childhood in the British colony of Rhodesia. He was later naturalised as a French citizen, and took his baccalaureate degree in Strasbourg, France, in 1924. In a further development of his ideas on the unconscious, Freud (1915/1984a) went beyond the idea that processes may simply be unconscious to the proposal that there was a distinct system, which he referred to as the system Ucs. This system had a number of properties of importance, including being timeless, being exempt from contradiction, being based on the pleasure principle, and being driven by an instinctual energy that has come to be known in English as the ‘libido’.

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From the point of view of modern psychology, perhaps the most significant of this earlier work was by one of Freud’s intellectual heroes, Helmholtz, who wrote about the importance of unconscious processes in visual perception. A second important line from a contemporary of Freud’s, Pierre Janet, focused on a number of puzzling phenomena that still engage us today. These include phenomena such as hypnotism, and the temporary but substantial loss of memory seen in so-called ‘fugue’ states (a loss of awareness of one’s own identity, often involving wandering away from home as a reaction to emotional stress), and behaviours such as sleepwalking. Theories of the unconscious Ellenberger presents a history of dynamic psychiatry, providing discussions of figures such as doctor Franz Anton Mesmer, Sigmund Freud (the founder of psychoanalysis), psychologist Pierre Janet, psychotherapist Alfred Adler, and psychiatrist Carl Jung. He discusses "the personality of the pioneers, their environment, and the role of certain patients." [1] Publication history [ edit ] Ellenberger has been characterised as one of the mid-century, interdisciplinary independents in psychiatric thought. [16] His unique career path and independent, if moderate, Freudian revisionism, made him at times an isolated figure, especially with the biological turn in psychiatry at the close of the twentieth century. [17] His own belief in the central importance of the reality of the unconscious never faltered, however, even with the fading of his dream of a synthesis that "would do justice to the rigorous demands of experimental psychology and to the psychic realities experienced by the explorers of the unconscious". [18] Geraskov, Emil Asenov (November 1, 1994). "The internal contradiction and the unconscious sources of activity". Journal of Psychology. 128 (6): 625–634. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1994.9921290. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. This article is an attempt to give new meaning to well-known experimental studies, analysis of which may allow us to discover unconscious behavior that has so far remained unnoticed by researchers. Those studies confirm many of the statements by Freud, but they also reveal new aspects of the unconscious psychic. The first global psychological concept of the internal contradiction as an unconscious factor influencing human behavior was developed by Sigmund Freud. In his opinion, this contradiction is expressed in the struggle between biological instincts and the self. Breger, Louis (2000). Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-31628-8.

Psychiatrist Anthony Stevens made use of Ellenberger's concept of "creative illness", a rare condition whose onset usually occurs after a long period of intense intellectual work, in his account of Jung. [12] Historian Paul Robinson wrote that The Discovery of the Unconscious paved the way for much of the criticism of Freud that followed in the 1980s. [13] Historian of science Roger Smith called the book "a magisterial – and readable – historical study". [14] Psychologist Louis Breger considered the book "extremely valuable". He credited Ellenberger with placing Freud's work in context, as well as with providing illuminating discussions of Adler, Jung, and Janet. [15] Philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani called the book a "monumental work". [16] See also [ edit ] Kihlstrom, J.F.; Beer, J.S.; Klein, S.B. (2002). "Self and identity as memory". In Leary, M.R.; Tangney, J. (eds.). Handbook of self and identity. New York: Guilford Press. pp.68–90. Meyer, Catherine (edited by). Le livre noir de la psychanalyse: Vivre, penser et aller mieux sans Freud. Paris: Les Arènes, 2005, p.217

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Henri Frédéric Ellenberger (6 November 1905 in Nalolo, Barotseland, Rhodesia – 1 May 1993 in Quebec City) was a Canadian psychiatrist, medical historian, and criminologist, sometimes considered the founding historiographer of psychiatry. [1] [2] Ellenberger is chiefly remembered for The Discovery of the Unconscious, an encyclopedic study of the history of dynamic psychiatry published in 1970. There is an extensive body of research in contemporary cognitive psychology devoted to mental activity that is not mediated by conscious awareness. Most of this research on unconscious processes has been done in the academic tradition of the information processing paradigm. The cognitive tradition of research into unconscious processes does not rely on the clinical observations and theoretical bases of the psychoanalytic tradition; instead it is mostly data driven. Cognitive research reveals that individuals automatically register and acquire more information than they are consciously aware of or can consciously remember and report. [43] Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel; Shamdasani, Sonu (2012). The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72978-9. Fletcher, Jefferson B. (1905-05-01). "Newman and Carlyle: An Unrecognized Affinity". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2023-02-16. Meyer-Dinkgräfe, D. (1996). Consciousness and the Actor. A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to the Actor's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-3180-2.