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Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2018). Final Evaluation of the Project Sustainable Community Management and Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Cameroon. By using freedom properly, they can explore and develop all of their varied talents. Ghjhgj will encounter various types of people and travel great distances. Come and join the journey of discovering yourself with freedom at the center of it all. The Inner Potentials of Ghjhgj Looking for a new meaning for the letters in Ghjhgj? Generate Fancy Text Styles for the Name Ghjhgj
The private sector includes economic operators with interests in the coastal fringe of Cameroon and whose activities have a greater or lesser influence on the environment. It should be noted that other actors such as the traditional authorities and Cameroon’s International Development Partners (FAO, GEF, UNDP, etc.) are also involved in the implementation of these activities. Nyogok, S. (2008). The Protection of the Cameroonian Coastline in the Light of International Environmental Law. Master’s Thesis, University of Limoges. Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection of Cameroon (2010). National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Zone Management. These initiatives are national in scope and have a strategic planning function to guide the implementation of concrete projects at local level.Decentralised local authorities (Regions and Council, etc.) are responsible, among other things, for planning land use at the local level and organising local development by integrating disaster risk management, including that related to coastal recession. As part of the decentralisation process in Cameroon, their competences have been strengthened in terms of regulations, making these bodies the pivot of territorial development. However, the modalities of intervention of these actors in the maritime domain are subject to the approval of the State as indicated in Article 31 of Law 2019/024 of 24 December 2019 on the general code of decentralised territorial authorities. From a legal point of view, there are many texts relating to coastal management, whether they are national texts or international conventions to which Cameroon is party. Despite the large number of regulations governing coastal zone management in Cameroon, it should be noted that their implementation remains timid. Thus, several limitations can be noted, including: the weak application of the law in favour of a system of ‘administrative tolerance’; the absence of the application decree necessary for the implementation of certain laws; and the absence of a harmonised legal instrument specific to coastal zone management that is enforceable against all stakeholders ( MINEP, 2010). Noblet, M. (2015). Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas in Canada and Senegal, a North-South Comparison. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amiens.
The Ministry of Forests and Wildlife (MINFOF) is responsible for the elaboration, execution and evaluation of the national policy on forests and wildlife. It coordinates the management and conservation of the national forests, particularly those on the country’s coastal fringe.
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The Ministry of Territorial Administration (MINAT) is, among other things, in charge of natural risk and disaster management through its Civil Protection Department. It has under its supervision the National Risk Observatory (ONR), whose missions are: to collect, manage and disseminate information on natural, technological, industrial and anthropic risks; and to ensure consultation and collaboration between the various administrations concerned, and the public and private, national and international bodies involved in preventive risk management. The coastal zone is an attractive, densely populated area that is particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change ( Noblet, 2015). Although there are widely varying figures on the distribution of the world’s population near the coasts, the global trend is towards a concentration of populations on the coasts ( Meur-Ferec, 2006). This permanent anthropic pressure towards the coasts is manifested by the urbanisation of the shores and the settlement of populations in areas often associated with high disaster risks ( Tricot, 2012). Human developments that generate significant impacts on coastal natural systems represent an element of exacerbation of the instability of this fragile environment reinforcing vulnerability to hazards by influencing the dynamics of the coastal system ( Weissenberger & Chouinard, 2015). Thus, the coast is a very particular territory in terms of risks. The multiplicity of natural phenomena to which it is subjected, the diversity and number of activities and human facilities that develop there give it a specific level and nature of vulnerability ( Meur-Ferec, 2006). This intrinsic vulnerability of coastal areas is exacerbated by climate change, which is reflected in particular in the rise in sea level, the impacts of which threaten the well-being of the populations living there. The IPCC (2014) estimates that low-lying coastal areas are at risk of death, injury, disease, disruption of livelihoods, deterioration of infrastructure networks and essential services due to storm surges, coastal flooding, and sea level rise. Furthermore, a strong causal link between mortality and water height during rapid flooding such as marine submersion has been demonstrated ( Vinet et al., 2011). The heart's desire number, or soul number, is yet another aspect of numerology. For the name Ghjghj, the heart's desire number is 0 In Cameroon, the Ministry of Environment and Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development (MINEPDED) is responsible for the management and coordination of programmes and activities related to environmental protection in general, including marine and coastal ecosystems. The heart's desire number, or soul number, is yet another aspect of numerology. For the name Ghjhgj, the heart's desire number is 0
and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop an Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection of Cameroon (2011). Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo Region of Cameroon. Tricot, A. (2012). Adaptation Capacities of Coastal Societies to Erosion-Submergence Risks in the Face of Climate Change. UMR PACTE.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Scientific Basis—Summary for Policymakers. The Ministry of Urban Planning and Housing (MINDUH) is responsible for the development and implementation of the national urbanisation policy. The attractiveness of coastal cities requires the implementation of urban planning that reconciles the anthropic occupation of space and the protection of the coast. The town of Kribi, which constitutes our study area, is located in the southern part of the Cameroonian coastline. The particular interest given to this zone is explained by the fact that the Kribi coast is undoubtedly the one in Cameroon that has the most future, whether in terms of tourism or industrial development ( Kuété& Assongmo, 2008). This coastline has been heavily used in recent years by development activities, particularly structuring infrastructures (Kribi deep-water port) which interfere with the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the coastal system and reinforce beach erosion. Thus, the current relatively degraded environmental state of this coastline presages major difficulties in adapting in the event of a rise in sea level, if no measures are taken to protect it from this inevitable phenomenon.
management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo region in Cameroon; the national action plan for the management of marine and coastal zones; the national strategy for the sustainable management of mangroves and other coastal ecosystems; and the national plan for adaptation to climate change. These documents were obtained through internet searches, consultation of documents from public and private services such as the Mission d’Étude pour l’Aménagement de l’Océan (MEAO) in Kribi. In summary, a political, legal and institutional framework for coastal zone management exists in Cameroon. However, initiatives designed to promote integrated coastal zone management are having difficulty in its implementation. This situation is due to the complexity of the institutional and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop integrated management strategies that take into account the role of each institution and that clearly define an effective mechanism for intervention and coordination between actors. Also, the analysis of these different programmes and projects actually carried out in the field shows that the risks linked to coastal erosion and marine submersion are poorly taken into account in favour of the protection of mangrove ecosystems, whose impacts are mixed. By using freedom properly, they can explore and develop all of their varied talents. Ghjghj will encounter various types of people and travel great distances. Come and join the journey of discovering yourself with freedom at the center of it all. The Inner Potentials of Ghjghj https://minepded.gov.cm/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/LAW-NO.-9612-OF-05-AUGUST-1996-RELATING-TO-ENVIRONMENTAL-MANAGEMENT.pdf. The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) was developed by Cameroon in 2015. This plan guides the necessary actions to ensure the country’s adaptation to the effects of climate change in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which Cameroon has ratified. This document reveals that the coastal Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) with monomodal rainfall are among the most vulnerable zones to the effects of climate change. The main exposure factors identified are sea level rise, extreme weather events and flooding. The PNACC proposes an adaptation policy based on 4 strategic axes that integrate multiple projects (15), one of which is “Protection of the coastline against the effects of climate change”. Achievements under this plan have been slow to materialise, although its implementation period was planned between 2016 and 2020.Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of Cameroon (2015). National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. The authors are grateful to Sebastian Weissenberger for guidance in the work and proofreading of the paper and Alontsi Dongmo for making the map. We also thank anonymous reviewers for their comments and the improvements to the paper that resulted from these. Ghjghj is a free spirit, always seeking change, adventure, and excitement. The nucleus around which their life revolves is freedom, just like a bird needs its wings to survive, they need freedom for their very survival. In the context of this study, two methods were used to collect the data necessary to achieve the objectives of the study including: desk research and question guide.
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