Pepsi Diet Cola, Caffeine Free, 330ml Can (Pack of 8)

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A study found that a second cup of coffee produced no further benefits unless it was consumed at least 8 hours after the first cup ( 9). Other studies show that drinking 2–4 cups of coffee or green tea per day is linked to a 14–20% lower risk of stroke ( 30, 31). In another study, 213 caffeine users completed questionnaires after going 16 hours without consuming it. Daily users had greater increases in headaches, fatigue and other withdrawal symptoms than non-daily users ( 32).

Caffeine, like other xanthines, also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. [173] As a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, [174] caffeine raises intracellular cyclic AMP, activates protein kinase A, inhibits TNF-alpha [175] [176] and leukotriene [177] synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity. [177] Caffeine also affects the cholinergic system where it is a moderate inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. [178] [179] Pharmacokinetics Caffeine is metabolized in the liver via a single demethylation, resulting in three primary metabolites, paraxanthine (84%), theobromine (12%), and theophylline (4%), depending on which methyl group is removed. Urinary metabolites of caffeine in humans at 48 hours post-dose [180] Keep in mind that coffee also contains other substances that improve health. Some benefits listed above may be caused by substances other than caffeine. Summary In addition, caffeine consumed later in the day may interfere with sleep because its effects can take several hours to wear off. In one study, 16 people who typically consumed high, moderate or no caffeine took part in a word test after going without caffeine overnight. Only high caffeine users showed a bias for caffeine-related words and had strong caffeine cravings ( 31).Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, Doyle LW, Barrington KJ, Ohlsson A, Solimano A, Tin W (November 2007). "Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (19): 1893–902. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa073679. PMID 17989382. S2CID 22983543.

Kugelman A, Durand M (December 2011). "A comprehensive approach to the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia". Pediatric Pulmonology. 46 (12): 1153–65. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21508. PMID 21815280. S2CID 28339831. Theobromine (12%): Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume. Theobromine is also the principal alkaloid in the cocoa bean ( chocolate).

Can I have coffee as part of a heart-healthy diet?

Consumption of caffeine after abdominal surgery shortens the time to recovery of normal bowel function and shortens length of hospital stay. [48] This is why, for athletes, if you’re using it purely for performance-enhancing effects and you want to be very specific with it, I recommend taking caffeine in a pill form, because you can control your intake better. Theophylline (4%): Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, and is used to treat asthma. The therapeutic dose of theophylline, however, is many times greater than the levels attained from caffeine metabolism. [46] However, this effect doesn’t seem to occur in everyone. Indeed, even some people with heart problems may be able to tolerate large amounts of caffeine without any adverse effects.