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a b Reid, William (1973). "Chapter 9: Heat Generation, Transport, and Storage". In Robert Perry; Cecil Chilton (eds.). Chemical Engineers' Handbook (5ed.). Not to be confused with the German Steinkohle [5] or Dutch steenkool which are broader terms meaning all varieties of coal of a stonelike hardness and appearance, like bituminous coal and often anthracite as well, as opposed to lignite, which is softer. Most bituminous coal in the United States is between 100 and 300 million years old. [39] Vast deposits of bituminous coal of Pennsylvanian age is found in the Appalachian and Interior Provinces of North America. Mining is done via both surface and underground mines. Historically, the many seams scattered over rugged terrain in the Appalachians have been conducive to mining by small companies, while the great extent and gentle dip of beds further west favors very large-scale operations. The Appalachian coal is notably low in sulfur and is often of metallurgical grade, while the Interior Province coal is much higher in sulfur. [40] Medium B: Vitrinite reflectance of 1.0 to 1.4. Corresponds approximately to ASTM high volatile A to medium volatile bituminous.

Suárez-Ruiz, I.; Diez, M.A.; Rubiera, F. (2019). "Coal". New Trends in Coal Conversion. Woodhead Publishing. pp.1–30. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102201-6.00001-7. ISBN 9780081022016. High grade and ultra high grade anthracite are harder than standard grade anthracite, and have a higher relative density. An example of a chemical formula for high-grade anthracite would be C 240H 90O 4NS, [24] representing 94% carbon. [25] UHG anthracite typically has a minimum carbon content of 95%. Anthracite is divided by size mainly into applications that need lumps (typically larger than 10mm) – various industrial processes where it replaces metallurgical coke, and domestic fuel – and those that need fines (less than 10mm), such as sintering and pelletising. [22] Anthracite (more than 80\% carbon content) is the best quality of coal. In India, it is found only in Jammu and Kashmir.Bituminous coal is the name for traditional house coal. It is the most popular and abundant coal, and has been used as a domestic fireplace fuel for generations. It’s a cheap solid fuel which is easy to ignite, both of which are key reasons it is so heavily used. Jeddi, Samir; Schönfisch, Max; Alvarez, Carlos Fernández (2019). Coal 2019: Analysis and forecast to 2024 (PDF). International Energy Agency. pp.62–63 . Retrieved 7 November 2021. Bituminous coal is used primarily for electrical power generation and in the steel industry. Bituminous coal suitable for smelting iron ( coking coal or metallurgical coal) must be low in sulfur and phosphorus. It commands a higher price than other grades of bituminous coal (thermal coal) used for heating and power generation.

Wyoming State Geological Survey. "Wyoming Coal". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03 . Retrieved 2014-01-24. Image 1 By – ILoveAllTrees, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Nowak, Grzegorz J. (April 2004). "Facies studies of bituminous coals in Poland". International Journal of Coal Geology. 58 (1–2): 61–66. Bibcode: 2004IJCG...58...61N. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2003.08.006. Chandler, Alfred D. (1972). "Anthracite coal and the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the United States". Business History Review. 46 (2): 141–181. doi: 10.2307/3113503. JSTOR 3113503. S2CID 154542035.

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General policies committee of anthracite operators. The anthracite coal strike of 1922: A statement of its causes and underlying purposes (1923); Official statement by the operators. online When burned, bituminous coal releases sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and acid rain. However, advancements in technology have allowed for the development of clean-coal technologies aimed at reducing emissions. The liptinite group makes up 5 to 15 percent of many coals. Liptinites are derived from waxy or resinous plant parts, such as cuticles, spores, and wound resins. Their reflectance values are usually the lowest in an individual sample. Several varieties are recognized, including sporinite (spores are typically preserved as flattened spheroids), cutinite (part of cross sections of leaves, often with crenulated surfaces), and resinite (ovoid and sometimes translucent masses of resin). The liptinites may fluoresce (i.e., luminesce because of absorption of radiation) under ultraviolet light, but with increasing rank their optical properties approach those of the vitrinites, and the two groups become indistinguishable. Less Maintenance: Anthracite coal produces less residual ash compared to bituminous coal, which means you’ll have to clean out the fireplace less frequently.

a b Mobley, R. Keith (2001). "Coal and ash". Plant engineer's handbook. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. p.21/339. ISBN 9780080539041 . Retrieved 10 November 2021. From a performance and heating standpoint, anthracite is a higher quality coal for domestic, open fire heating. While harder to ignite, anthracite does burn for a longer period of time at a hotter temperature, meaning it is more effective at providing reliable warmth for your household. Ibarra, JoséV.; Muñoz, Edgar; Moliner, Rafael (June 1996). "FTIR study of the evolution of coal structure during the coalification process". Organic Geochemistry. 24 (6–7): 725–735. Bibcode: 1996OrGeo..24..725I. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00063-0. Andriesse, J. P. (1988). "The Main Characteristics of Tropical Peats". Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-102657-2. Coal analyses may be presented in the form of “ proximate” and “ ultimate” analyses, whose analytical conditions are prescribed by organizations such as ASTM. A typical proximate analysis includes the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents. (Fixed carbon is the material, other than ash, that does not vaporize when heated in the absence of air. It is usually determined by subtracting the sum of the first three values—moisture, ash, and volatile matter—in weight percent from 100 percent.) It is important for economic reasons to know the moisture and ash contents of a coal because they do not contribute to the heating value of a coal. In most cases ash becomes an undesirable residue and a source of pollution, but for some purposes (e.g., use as a chemical source or for coal liquefaction) the presence of mineral matter may be desirable. Most of the heat value of a coal comes from its volatile matter, excluding moisture, and fixed carbon content. For most coals it is necessary to measure the actual amount of heat released upon combustion (expressed in megajoules per kilogram or British thermal units per pound).Bituminous coal is used for the production of activated carbon. The coal is first coked, removing volatiles, then steam treated to activate it. Chemical processes for activating coke produced from bituminous coal have also been investigated. [22] Origin [ edit ] Okefenokee Swamp, a modern peat-forming swamp Xiao, Yang; Lü, Hui-Fei; Yi, Xin; Deng, Jun; Shu, Chi-Min (March 2019). "Treating bituminous coal with ionic liquids to inhibit coal spontaneous combustion". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 135 (5): 2711–2721. doi: 10.1007/s10973-018-7600-5. S2CID 105480726. Easy to Light: Although anthracite coal can take a little longer to ignite compared to wood or other coals, it is still relatively easy to light with the right kindling and fire-starting techniques.

Due to its relatively high energy output and availability in many regions worldwide, bituminous coal has been widely used for electricity generation and industrial processes such as steel production. Anthracite coal Vs. bituminous coal – Key differences Characteristic Among current producers, Russia, China, Poland, and Ukraine have the largest estimated recoverable reserves of anthracite. Other countries with substantial reserves include Vietnam and North Korea. [28] Countries producing HG and UHG anthracite include Russia and South Africa. HG and UHG anthracite are used as a coke or coal substitute in various metallurgical coal applications ( sintering, PCI, direct BF charge, pelletizing). It plays an important role in cost reduction in the steel making process and is also used in production of ferroalloys, silicomanganese, calcium carbide and silicon carbide. South Africa exports lower-quality, higher-ash anthracite to Brazil to be used in steel-making. [ citation needed] Sizing and grading [ edit ] A 1908 photograph of a group of breaker boys in Pittston, Pennsylvania by Lewis Hine Zhang, Ji; Liang, Yanna; Harpalani, Satya (December 2016). "Optimization of methane production from bituminous coal through biogasification". Applied Energy. 183: 31–42. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.153. Medium A: Vitrinite reflectance of 1.4 to 2.0. Corresponds approximately to ASTM low volatile bituminous.If you are looking for premium Anthracite coal anywhere within the UK, we here at A.W. Parker Coal Merchants are able to supply you with the highest quality Anthracite coal, taken directly from the welsh pits; to your doorstep. We understand that people based nationwide are in need of premium Anthracite coal and that is why we offer our nationwide delivery free of charge to anyone based within the UK.