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a b Marcoux, M. (2011). "1". Narwhal communication and grouping behaviour: a case study in social cetacean research and monitoring (PhD). Montreal: McGill University. Melville Bay was last surveyed in 2019 and the fully corrected estimate was 4,755 animals (CV=0.77) (Hansen et al., unpublished). Previous surveys resulted in abundance estimates of 1,834 (CV=0.92, 95% CI: 396–8,500) in 2007, 915 (CV=0.44, 95% CI: 431–2,141) in 2012, and 1,768 (CV=0.39, 95% CI: 864–3,709) in 2014. Although there is a suggestion of increase in abundance since 2012, this trend is not significantly different from zero. Additionally, the distribution of sightings has remarkably changed. Where in 2007 narwhals were detected in all four surveyed strata, in 2012 narwhals were sighted in 3 out of 4 strata, in 2014 in 2 out of 4 strata, and in 2019 only in the central stratum. This decline in area usage in the coastal part of Melville Bay could be an indication of a decline in the population (Hansen et al., unpublished). Aerial surveys were conducted over the eastern part of the North Water polynya in April 2014. The resulting estimates suggested that 3,059 narwhals (95 % CI: 1,760–5,316) wintered in the eastern part of the North Water polynya during this time (Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2016). Narwhal sightings were also recorded during a 2018 multi-species survey of the North Water, with 23 narwhal sightings recorded. Inglefield Bredning

Monodon monoceros". Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Species Fact Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2007. Skovrind, M.l; Castruita, J. A. S.; Haile, J.; etal. (2019). "Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 7729. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...9.7729S. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44038-0. PMC 6586676. PMID 31221994.Reduce your carbon footprint by using types of renewable energy, walking, cycling or using public transportation instead of driving.

The narwhal is most closely related to the beluga whale. Together, these two species comprise the only extant members of the family Monodontidae, sometimes referred to as the "white whales". The Monodontidae are distinguished by their medium size (at around 4m (13.1ft) in length), pronounced melons (acoustic sensory organ), short snouts and the absence of a true dorsal fin. [10] a b Laidre K.; Heide-Jorgensen, M.P.; Stern, H. & Richard, P. (2011). "Unusual narwhal sea ice entrapments and delayed autumn freeze-up trends" (PDF). Polar Biology. 35: 149–154. doi: 10.1007/s00300-011-1036-8. S2CID 2290952. Skovrind, Mikkel; Castruita, Jose Alfredo Samaniego; Haile, James; Treadaway, Eve C.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Westbury, Michael V.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Szpak, Paul; Lorenzen, Eline D. (2019). "Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis". Scientific Reports. 9 (1) 7729: 7729. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44038-0. PMC 6586676. PMID 31221994.North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). (2012). Report of the NAMMCO expert group meeting to assess the hunting methods for small cetaceans. a b c "The Biology and Ecology of Narwhals". noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 15 January 2009. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Guldborg Hansen, R., Westdal, K., Reeves, R.R. and Mosbech, A. (2013c). Narwhals and seismic exploration: Is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments? Biological Conservation, 158, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005 Narwhals show sexual dimorphism, with several differences between males and females. Adult male narwhals are on average longer and heavier than females, reaching a maximum length of about 460 cm and a maximum weight of 1,645 kg. Adult females have a maximum length of 400 cm and weight of 900 kg (NAMMCO 2013, Garde et al. 2007). The white whales, dolphins (Delphinidae) and porpoises (Phocoenidae) together comprise the superfamily Delphinoidea, which are of likely monophyletic origin. Genetic evidence suggests the porpoises are more closely related to the white whales and that these two families constitute a separate clade which diverged from the rest of Delphinoidea within the past 11million years. [13] Fossil evidence shows that ancient white whales lived in tropical waters. They may have migrated to Arctic and sub-Arctic waters in response to changes in the marine food chain during the Pliocene. [14] Description Complete skeleton at the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Hansen, R. G.; Westdal, K.; Reeves, R. R. & Mosbech, A. (2013). "Narwhals and seismic exploration: Is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments?". Biological Conservation. 158: 50–54. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005. Narwhals are hunted for their tusks and for their meat and skin in Canada and Greenland. There is a commercial domestic trade for narwhal skin (mattak) in Greenland. The sustainable utilisation of narwhals has recently been subject of intensive debate both in Greenland, NAMMCO and internationally (Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2020a). Conservation and Management Narwhals are one of the many species of mammals that are threatened by human actions. [59] Estimates of the world population of narwhals range from around 50,000 (from 1996) [38] to around 170,000 (compilation of various sub-population estimates from the years 2000–2017). [4] They are considered to be near threatened [ inconsistent] and several sub-populations have evidence of decline. In an effort to support conservation, the European Union established an import ban on tusks in 2004 and lifted it in 2010. The United States has forbidden imports since 1972 under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. [59] Narwhals are difficult to keep in captivity. [28] Male narwhal captured and satellite tagged Despite this overall low genetic diversity, genetic studies have found that narwhals in East Greenland are distinct from those in West Greenland, as well as from those around Svalbard (NAMMCO 2013; NAMMCO 2019). Within West Greenland, far northern (Uummannaaq) narwhals are different from those found further south. Differences are also seen between Baffin Bay, Northern Hudson Bay and East Greenland populations (Petersen et al. 2011, NAMMCO 2013). Less distinct differences have also been found between narwhals that summer in Jones Sound and the Somerset Island area (Petersen et al. 2011).A 2.3 GB genome sequence has been assembled from multiple Illumina libraries. The genome consists of 37.9% repetitive elements and encodes 21,785 protein-coding genes (similar to many other mammals). The genome will help to place the narwhal both into the evolutionary context of other whales but also will help to understand the evolution and embryonic development of features such as the tusk and its sexual dimorphism. [35] Distribution Narwhals in the Creswell Bay at Somerset Island Garde, E., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Hansen, S.H., Nachman, G. and Forchhammer, M.C. (2007). Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemisation. Journal of Mammalogy, 88, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-056R.1

The narwhal is an animal that basically resembles a small whale. It is only small compared to other cetaceans, however. By any other standard, the narwhal is actually a large marine mammal with a body size of 13 to 20 feet and a tusk size of around 10 feet. It also weighs a truly imposing 1.5 tons. This makes it nearly the length of a bus and the weight of a car. After a 14-month gestation period, the female narwhale produces one or two children in the following summer. These young calves are born tail first and are expected to begin swimming immediately from the womb. Over the next 20 months, the calf will receive protection and care and learn valuable social and survival skills from the mother and the group. It is not entirely clear what kind of role the father has in raising the calf. Because the males and females tend to travel together as a group, it is thought that the father does have some investment in his young. Their return to wintering areas begins in late September or later, depending on when the sea ice begins to form. Autumn movements are often quite rapid although narwhals may occupy other coastal areas that remain ice-free for periods at this time of year (Heide-Jørgensen et al. 2013ab). They reach their wintering grounds by November or early December. Winter Another concern relating to changing sea ice cover is that loss of sea ice, particularly during the summer, may increase the access of killer whales to narwhals, thus increasing predation. Access to narwhals by man is also changing with changes in sea ice concentration and extent. In Smith Sound, climate change has decreased spring and summer ice cover, which has enabled people in North Greenland to access the area and increase their catches (Nielsen 2009). The presence of open water is an important influence on the narwhal hunt, with the majority (72%) of the hunt in Nunavut taking place during the summer months (25th July–1st October) (White 2012). Finley, K.J., Miller, G.W., Davis, R. A. and Greene, C.R. (1990). Reactions of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and narwhals, Monodon monoceros, to ice-breaking ships in the Canadian high arctic. In T.G. Smith, D.J. St. Aubin and J.R. Geraci (eds.), Advances in research on the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas (p. 97- 117). Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 224.

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The name of the species derives from the Old Norse word nar, which means corpse. This is a reference to the animal’s pale skin. An alternative name for the species is narwhale or narwhal. a b c Laidre, K (2004). "Deep-ocean predation by a high Arctic cetacean". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 61 (1): 430–440. doi: 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.02.002. Narwhals can live up to 50 years [ inconsistent] and often die by suffocation after being trapped due to the formation of sea ice. Other causes of death, specifically among young whales, are starvation and predation by orcas. As previous estimates of the world narwhal population were below 50,000, narwhals are categorised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as " nearly threatened". More recent estimates list higher populations (upwards of 170,000), thus lowering the status to " least concern". [4] Narwhals have been harvested for hundreds of years by Inuit in northern Canada and Greenland for meat and ivory and a regulated subsistence hunt continues. The area north of Scoresby Sound is a National Park. It is the largest protected area in the world and includes protection of the sea up to 3 nautical miles from the shoreline. Northeast Greenland is therefore not part of the hunting grounds for narwhals, although narwhals from this area may be supplying the hunt in regions further south. The Northeast Water polynya can be an important habitat in winter. There is, however, little documentation of the population abundance and distribution in this area. A dedicated aerial survey was conducted in Northeast Greenland (covering the Northeast Water polynya) in March/April 2017. Narwhals were detected twice during this survey and no abundance estimation was made on this low sighting rate.