Tornado: In the Eye of the Storm

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a b "basic Spotters' Field Guide" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daultipur-Salturia Tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people. [84] Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes in its history that killed more than 100 people, almost half of the total in the rest of the world. [ citation needed] Main article: Funnel cloud This tornado has no funnel cloud; however, the rotating dust cloud indicates that strong winds are occurring at the surface, and thus it is a true tornado. a b Marshall, Tim (2008-11-09). "The Tornado Project's Terrific, Timeless and Sometimes Trivial Truths about Those Terrifying Twirling Twisters!". The Tornado Project. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16 . Retrieved 2008-11-09.

While normally quite symmetric, eyes can be oblong and irregular, especially in weakening storms. A large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented, and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone. An open eye is an eye which can be circular, but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye, also indicating a weakening, moisture-deprived cyclone or a weak but strengthening one. Both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis. [5] Eyewalls are typically circular; however, distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur. [6] Hurricane Wilma with a pinhole eye Funnel cloud (2ed.). American Meteorological Society. 2000-06-30. Archived from the original on 2013-02-05 . Retrieved 2009-02-25. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Wu, Liguang; Q. Liu; Y. Li (2018). "Prevalence of tornado-scale vortices in the tropical cyclone eyewall". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115 (33): 8307–8310. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115.8307W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807217115. PMC 6099912. PMID 30061409. Brown, Daniel; Roberts, Dave. "Interpretation of passive microwave imagery" (Press release). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27 . Retrieved 2008-03-12.

the eye of the storm

National Snow and Ice Data Center. "Polar Lows". Archived from the original on 2013-02-04 . Retrieved 2007-01-24.

Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems, typically smaller than 1,000 km (600 mi) across, found near the poles. Like tropical cyclones, they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater. Unlike storms of tropical nature, however, they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes. They are also smaller and last for shorter durations, with few lasting longer than a day or so. Despite these differences, they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones, featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow. [33] Extratropical cyclones [ edit ] Tropical Cyclone Safety". JetStream – Online School for Weather. National Weather Service. 2010-01-05. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11 . Retrieved 2006-08-06.As the RFD completely wraps around and chokes off the tornado's air supply, the vortex begins to weaken, becoming thin and rope-like. This is the "dissipating stage", often lasting no more than a few minutes, after which the tornado ends. During this stage, the shape of the tornado becomes highly influenced by the winds of the parent storm, and can be blown into fantastic patterns. [24] [32] [33] Even though the tornado is dissipating, it is still capable of causing damage. The storm is contracting into a rope-like tube and, due to conservation of angular momentum, winds can increase at this point. [28] Perkins, Sid (2002-05-11). "Tornado Alley, USA". Science News. pp.296–98. Archived from the original on 2006-08-25 . Retrieved 2006-09-20. Main article: Tornado climatology Areas worldwide where tornadoes are most likely, indicated by orange shading

The United States averages about 1,200 tornadoes per year, followed by Canada, averaging 62 reported per year. [80] NOAA's has a higher average 100 per year in Canada. [81] The Netherlands has the highest average number of recorded tornadoes per area of any country (more than 20, or 0.00048/km 2, 0.0012/sqmi annually), followed by the UK (around 33, 0.00013/km 2, 0.00034/sqmi per year), although those are of lower intensity, briefer [82] [83] and cause minor damage. [76] Intense tornado activity in the United States. The darker-colored areas denote the area commonly referred to as Tornado Alley. Edwards, Roger; Ladue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (2013). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5): 641–653. Bibcode: 2013BAMS...94..641E. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1. S2CID 7842905.

Lewellen, David C.; Zimmerman, M. I. (2008-10-28). Using Simulated Tornado Surface Marks to Decipher Near-Ground Winds (PDF). 24th Conf. Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2009-12-09. Marks, Frank D.; Stewart, Stacy R. (2001). TRMM Satellite Data – Applications to Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasting (PDF). TRMM Workshops (Presentation). Boulder, Colorado: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. pp.7–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-22 . Retrieved 2013-05-07. Tropical Cyclone Structure". JetStream – Online School for Weather. National Weather Service. 2010-01-05. Archived from the original on 2013-12-07 . Retrieved 2006-12-14. Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed "eyes", there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye-like features. [1] [32] Polar lows [ edit ] Hall, Roy S. (2003). "Inside a Texas Tornado". Tornadoes. Greenhaven Press. pp.59–65. ISBN 0-7377-1473-5.