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a b Sanner T, Grimsrud TK (2015). "Nicotine: Carcinogenicity and Effects on Response to Cancer Treatment - A Review". Frontiers in Oncol a b Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Cwalina SN, Onimus MJ, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Sved AF (August 2016). "Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (9): 2335–2343. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.36. PMC 4946064. PMID 26955970.
Parrott AC (March 2006). "Nicotine psychobiology: how chronic-dose prospective studies can illuminate some of the theoretical issues from acute-dose research" (PDF). Psychopharmacology. 184 (3–4): 567–76. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0294-y. PMID 16463194. S2CID 11356233.The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Leading medical groups applaud Surgeon General's report on e-cigarettes and youth. a b c Ujváry I (1999). "Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids". In Yamamoto I, Casida J (eds.). Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp.29–69. See also: Nicotine replacement therapy A 21 mg patch applied to the left arm. The Cochrane Collaboration finds that nicotine replacement therapy increases a quitter's chance of success by 50–60%, regardless of setting. [45]
Etter JF. Addiction to the nicotine gum in never smokers. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:159. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-159 Nicotine: Clinical data". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . Retrieved 28 November 2023. Used as an aid to smoking cessation and for the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Disposables are measured in puffs. Each puff is equivalent to one hit of nicotine. The number of puffs is an average determined by the total amount of e-liquid, battery capacity and puff duration.
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Moerke MJ, McMahon LR. Rapid nicotine tolerance and cross-tolerance to varenicline in rhesus monkeys: Drug discrimination. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;26(6):541-548. doi:10.1037/pha0000226 Randomized trials and observational studies of nicotine replacement therapy in cardiovascular patients show no increase in adverse cardiovascular events compared to those treated with placebo. [73] Using nicotine products during cancer treatment may be contraindicated, as nicotine may promote tumour growth, but temporary use of NRTs to quit smoking may be advised for harm reduction. [74] Possible alteration of nicotine absorption through the skin from the transdermal nicotine patch by drugs that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction. [75] Nicotine is being researched in clinical trials for possible benefit in treating Parkinson's disease, dementia, ADHD, depression and sarcoma. [47] a b Stolerman IP, Jarvis MJ (January 1995). "The scientific case that nicotine is addictive". Psychopharmacology. 117 (1): 2–10, discussion 14–20. doi: 10.1007/BF02245088. PMID 7724697. S2CID 8731555.
Abou-Donia M (5 February 2015). Mammalian Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. pp.587–. ISBN 978-1-118-68285-2. By binding to ganglion type nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medulla, nicotine increases flow of adrenaline (epinephrine), a stimulating hormone and neurotransmitter. By binding to the receptors, it causes cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. The release of epinephrine (adrenaline) causes an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration, as well as higher blood glucose levels. [141] Pharmacokinetics [ edit ] Urinary metabolites of nicotine, quantified as average percentage of total urinary nicotine [142]Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the 1960s, in the form of tobacco extracts [17] [48] [49] (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects). [50] Nicotine pesticides have not been commercially available in the US since 2014, [51] and homemade pesticides are banned on organic crops [52] and caution is recommended for small gardeners. [53] Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009. [54] Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels. [54] [55] Neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016. [56] [48] Performance [ edit ] Elf Bar Zero Watermelon Ice: Chill out with Watermelon Ice. Juicy watermelon flavor gets a frosty twist, offering a refreshing and revitalizing vaping experience. a b Nicotine. United States National Library of Medicine– National Center for Biotechnology Information. 16 February 2019 . Retrieved 28 November 2023. {{ cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored ( help)
When nicotine enters the body, it is broken down into more than 20 different substances, including cotinine, anabasine, and nornicotine. People eventually excrete these by-products in their urine.Although methods of production of synthetic nicotine have existed for decades, [188] it was believed that the cost of making nicotine by laboratory synthesis was cost prohibitive compared to extracting nicotine from tobacco. [189] However, recently synthetic nicotine started to be found in different brands of e-cigarettes and oral pouches and marketed as “tobacco-free.” [190]
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