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Lifespan.If food availability is restricted in early life this may result in delayed maturation and an extended lifespan (Boletzky, 1974). Mortality in females occurs after spawning, which can take several weeks to a few months (Guerra, 2006). Biannual life cycles have been observed frequently. In the English Channel, hatchlings born from July to September grew rapidly. The juveniles migrate from the inshore nursery grounds to overwintering in deeper waters. They return inshore as soon as they exhibit the first signs of sexual maturity (Guerra, 2006). The endotracheal tube (ETT) was first reliably used in the early 1900s. [1] In its simplest form, it is a tube constructed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that is placed between the vocal cords through the trachea to provide oxygen and inhaled gases to the lungs. It also serves to protect the lungs from contamination, such as gastric contents and blood. The advancement of the endotracheal tube has closely followed advancements in anesthesia and surgery. [2]Modifications have been made to minimize aspiration, isolate a lung, administer medications, and prevent airway fires. Despite advances in the endotracheal tube, more research to optimize its use is necessary. For example, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major concern, and the ETT itself is felt to be a primary agent for the development of VAP. [2]
Individuals observed after mating and after entanglement in nets typically have soft tissue damage that suggests susceptibility to abrasive damage (Guerra et al., 2016b). In a southern otter trawl, 77% of the landed Sepia officinalis were discarded suggesting high levels of damage occurring from these trawls (Guerra et al., 2016b). CEFAS has recorded discards of cuttlefish in the English Channel from 6% to 23% of total catch since 2002 (ICES, 2012). Enever et al. (2007) showed that Sepia officinalis was the second most discarded species under the top ten most discarded English Channel species by beam trawlers.
Danis, B., Bustamante, P., Cotret, O., Teyssié, J.L., Fowler, S.W. & Warnau, M., 2005. Bioaccumulation of PCBs in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis from the seawater, sediment and food pathways. Environmental Pollution, 134, 113-122. OBIS (Ocean BiodiversityInformation System), 2023. Global map of species distribution using gridded data. Available from: Ocean Biogeographic Information System. www.iobis.org. Accessed: 2023-11-29
Howson, C.M. & Picton, B.E., 1997. The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Belfast: Ulster Museum. [Ulster Museum publication, no. 276.] Turan, C& Yaglioglu, D, 2010. Population identification of common cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) inferred from genetic, morphometric and cuttlebone chemistry data in the NE Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 74, 77-86. ICES, 1994. Report of the study group on the life history assessment of Cephalopods. Copenhagen-Denmark ICES, K:7, 32. Blanc, A. & Daguzan, J., 1998. Artificial surfaces for cuttlefish eggs ( Sepia officinalis L.) in Morbihan Bay, France. Fisheries Research, 38, 225-231.
Specifications
Guerra, Á., Hernández-Urcera, J., Garci, M.E., Sestelo, M., Regueira, M., Gilcoto, M. & González, Á.F., 2016. Spawning habitat selection by the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis in the Cíes Islands (Northwest Spain). Fisheries Research, 183, 44-54. Buresch, K.C., Ulmer, K.M., Akkaynak, D., Allen, J.J., Mäthger, L.M., Nakamura, M. & Hanlon, R.T., 2015. Cuttlefish adjust body pattern intensity with respect to substrate intensity to aid camouflage, but do not camouflage in extremely low light. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 462, 121-126.
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