Super Cool Creations Lightning Bolt Mirrors - 35cm x 25cm

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Nag, Amitabh; Rakov, Vladimir A (2012). "Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D8): n/a. Bibcode: 2012JGRD..117.8109N. doi: 10.1029/2012JD017545. Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (September 3, 2013). "Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements". History of Geo- and Space Sciences. 4 (2): 83–95. arXiv: 1305.5347. Bibcode: 2013HGSS....4...83A. doi: 10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013. S2CID 9783512. Main article: Distribution of lightning Data from space-based sensors reveal the uneven distribution of worldwide lightning strikes. Units: flashes/km2/yr. Data obtained from April 1995 to February 2003 from NASA's Optical Transient Detector and from January 1998 to February 2003 from NASA's Lightning Imaging Sensor.

Deamer, Kacey (August 30, 2016) More Than 300 Reindeer Killed By Lightning: Here's Why. Live Science Vonnegut, B.; Vaughan, O. H., Jr.; Brook, M.; Krehbiel, P. (1984) "Mesoscale observations of lightning from Space Shuttle" NASA Technical Memorandum 86451. From p. 1: "Here is another description by Astronaut Gibson of lightning over the Andes, " … A few things which impressed me here: One is the fact that they [i.e., lightning strikes] could go off simultaneously or near simultaneously over a large distance — sympathetic lightning bolts, if you will, analogous to sympathetic flares on the sun. … " The extra distance certainly seemed to suit Lightning Strike - he devoured every last yard of the trip to beat Mount Oscarby three lengths. Where LightningStrikes". NASA Science. Science News. December 5, 2001. Archived from the original on July 16, 2010 . Retrieved July 5, 2010. Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power, such as the People's Action Party in Singapore, the British Union of Fascists during the 1930s, and the National States' Rights Party in the United States during the 1950s. [186] The Schutzstaffel, the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party, used the Sig rune in their logo which symbolizes lightning. The German word Blitzkrieg, which means "lightning war", was a major offensive strategy of the German army during World War II.Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) Smooth channel lightning is an informal term referring to a type of cloud-to-ground lightning strike that has no visible branching and appears like a line with smooth curves as opposed to the jagged appearance of most lightning channels. They are a form of positive lightning generally observed in or near the convective regions of severe thunderstorms in the north central United States. It is theorized that severe thunderstorms in this region obtain an "inverted tripole" charge structure in which the main positive charge region is located below the main negative charge region instead of above it, and as a result these thunderstorms generate predominantly positive cloud-to-ground lightning. The term "smooth channel lightning" is also sometimes attributed to upward ground-to-cloud lightning flashes, which are generally negative flashes initiated by upward positive leaders from tall structures. The physical separation of charge into different regions using liquid water was demonstrated by Kelvin with the Kelvin water dropper. The most likely charge-carrying species were considered to be the aqueous hydrogen ion and the aqueous hydroxide ion. [18]

The Path of Least Resistance". July 2001. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 9, 2016.

Spectacular moment lightning strikes plane full of passengers on runway

Cowen, Ron (November 6, 2009). "Signature of antimatter detected in lightning". Science News. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023 . Retrieved July 28, 2023. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning primarily originates in the thundercloud and terminates on an Earth surface, but may also occur in the reverse direction, that is ground to cloud. The bolt of lightning in heraldry is called a thunderbolt and is shown as a zigzag with non-pointed ends. This symbol usually represents power and speed. Intense forest fires, such as those seen in the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, can create their own weather systems that can produce lightning and other weather phenomena. [126] Intense heat from a fire causes air to rapidly rise within the smoke plume, causing the formation of pyrocumulonimbus clouds. Cooler air is drawn in by this turbulent, rising air, helping to cool the plume. The rising plume is further cooled by the lower atmospheric pressure at high altitude, allowing the moisture in it to condense into cloud. Pyrocumulonimbus clouds form in an unstable atmosphere. These weather systems can produce dry lightning, fire tornadoes, intense winds, and dirty hail. [126] Extraterrestrial

This section needs expansionwith: information about lightning strikes on ground vehicles, further information on how aircraft are affected, and further information on how animals and other living organisms are affected. You can help by adding to it. ( March 2021) Many factors affect the frequency, distribution, strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world. These factors include ground elevation, latitude, prevailing wind currents, relative humidity, and proximity to warm and cold bodies of water. To a certain degree, the proportions of intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and cloud-to-ground lightning may also vary by season in middle latitudes. The details of the charging process are still being studied by scientists, but there is general agreement on some of the basic concepts of thunderstorm electrification. Electrification can be by the triboelectric effect leading to electron or ion transfer between colliding bodies. Uncharged, colliding water-drops can become charged because of charge transfer between them (as aqueous ions) in an electric field as would exist in a thunder cloud. [14] The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly (updraft) and temperatures range from −15 to −25°C (5 to −13°F); see Figure 1. In that area, the combination of temperature and rapid upward air movement produces a mixture of super-cooled cloud droplets (small water droplets below freezing), small ice crystals, and graupel (soft hail). The updraft carries the super-cooled cloud droplets and very small ice crystals upward. At the same time, the graupel, which is considerably larger and denser, tends to fall or be suspended in the rising air. [15] (Figure 2) When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel, the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged. The rapidly changing currents also create electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) that radiate outward from the ionic channel. This is a characteristic of all electrical discharges. The radiated pulses rapidly weaken as their distance from the origin increases. However, if they pass over conductive elements such as power lines, communication lines, or metallic pipes, they may induce a current which travels outward to its termination. The surge current is inversely related to the surge impedance: the higher in impedance, the lower the current. [69] This is the surge that, more often than not, results in the destruction of delicate electronics, electrical appliances, or electric motors. Devices known as surge protectors (SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) attached in parallel with these lines can detect the lightning flash's transient irregular current, and, through alteration of its physical properties, route the spike to an attached earthing ground, thereby protecting the equipment from damage. Füllekrug, Martin; Mareev, Eugene A.; Rycroft, Michael J. (May 1, 2006). Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges. Springer Science & Business Media. Bibcode: 2006seil.book.....F. ISBN 9781402046285. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.In 2022 EUMETSAT plan to launch the Lightning Imager (MTG-I LI) on board Meteosat Third Generation. This will complement NOAA's GLM. MTG-I LI will cover Europe and Africa and will include products on events, groups and flashes. [151] Artificially triggered Desmet, S; Orban, F; Grandjean, F (April 1, 1989). "On the Kelvin electrostatic generator". European Journal of Physics. 10 (2): 118–122. Bibcode: 1989EJPh...10..118D. doi: 10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008. S2CID 121840275. Effects on buildings and vehicles Strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning during a thunderstorm in the town of Oradea. Lightning has been observed within the atmospheres of other planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn, and probably Uranus and Neptune. [127] Lightning on Jupiter is far more energetic than on Earth, despite seeming to be generated via the same mechanism. Recently, a new type of lightning was detected on Jupiter, thought to originate from "mushballs" including ammonia. [128] Lewton, Thomas (December 20, 2021). "Detailed Footage Finally Reveals What Triggers Lightning". Quanta Magazine . Retrieved December 21, 2021.

Mazur, Vladislav (November 1982). "Associated lightning discharges". Geophysical Research Letters. 9 (11): 1227–1230. Bibcode: 1982GeoRL...9.1227M. doi: 10.1029/GL009i011p01227. Anvil crawler lightning, sometimes called spider lightning, is created when leaders propagate through horizontally-extensive charge regions in mature thunderstorms, usually the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. These discharges usually begin as IC discharges originating within the convective region; the negative leader end then propagates well into the aforementioned charge regions in the stratiform area. If the leader becomes too long, it may separate into multiple bidirectional leaders. When this happens, the positive end of the separated leader may strike the ground as a positive CG flash or crawl on the underside of the cloud, creating a spectacular display of lightning crawling across the sky. Ground flashes produced in this manner tend to transfer high amounts of charge, and this can trigger upward lightning flashes and upper-atmospheric lightning. [67] Lightning-induced magnetic anomalies can be mapped in the ground, [165] [166] and analysis of magnetized materials can confirm lightning was the source of the magnetization [167] and provide an estimate of the peak current of the lightning discharge. [168] Fink, Micah. "How Lightning Forms". PBS.org. Public Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved September 21, 2007.Reprinted in: Vonnegut, B.; Vaughan, O. H. Jr.; Brook, M.; Krehbiel, P. (February 1985). "Mesoscale observations of lightning from Space Shuttle". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 66 (1): 20–29. Bibcode: 1985BAMS...66...20Y. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0020:MOOLFS>2.0.CO;2. hdl: 2060/19840024717. Saba, Marcelo M. F; Schulz, Wolfgang; Warner, Tom A; Campos, Leandro Z. S; Schumann, Carina; Krider, E. Philip; Cummins, Kenneth L; Orville, Richard E (2010). "High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D24): D24201. Bibcode: 2010JGRD..11524201S. doi: 10.1029/2010JD014330. S2CID 129809543. Contrary to popular belief, positive lightning flashes do not necessarily originate from the anvil or the upper positive charge region and strike a rain-free area outside of the thunderstorm. This belief is based on the outdated idea that lightning leaders are unipolar and originate from their respective charge region. [ citation needed] When the local electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of damp air (about 3 MV/m), electrical discharge results in a strike, often followed by commensurate discharges branching from the same path. Mechanisms that cause the charges to build up to lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation. [134] [135] A 2016 study confirmed dielectric breakdown is involved. [136] Lightning may be caused by the circulation of warm moisture-filled air through electric fields. [137] Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a Van de Graaff generator. [138] Robinson, Dan. "Weather Library: Lightning Types & Classifications". Archived from the original on February 15, 2013 . Retrieved March 17, 2013.