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Lu, C.; Kang, L.; Luo, X.; Linghu, J.; Lin, H. A novel lithium battery equalization circuit with any number of inductors. Energies 2019, 12, 4764. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Caspar, M.; Eiler, T.; Hohmann, S. Systematic comparison of active balancing: A model-based quantitative analysis. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2016, 67, 920–934. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Lee, Y.S.; Duh, C.Y.; Chen, G.T.; Yang, S.C. Battery equalization using bi-directional cuk converter in DCVM operation. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Recife, Brazil, 16 June 2005; pp. 765–771. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Zhang, X.; Liu, P.; Wang, D. The design and implementation of smart battery management system balance technology. J. Converg. Inf. Technol. 2011, 6, 108–116. [ Google Scholar]Daowd, M.; Antoine, M.; Omar, N.; Van den Bossche, P.; Van Mierlo, J. Single switched capacitor battery balancing system enhancements. Energies 2013, 6, 2149–2174. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] To further verify the feasibility of the circuit design proposed in this paper, an electromagnetic transient model is built in PSIM and the experiment on four batteries is implemented as well. Simulation System and Design A novel topology is proposed to mitigate the inconsistency of the batteries in which each phase of this converter could synchronously operate to obtain fast equalization;
Koseoglou, M.; Tsioumas, E.; Jabbour, N.; Mademlis, C. Highly Effective Cell Equalization in a Lithium-Ion Battery Management System. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2019, 35, 2088–2099. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Lin, N., Ci, S., Wu, D., and Guo, H. (2018). An Optimization Framework for Dynamically Reconfigurable Battery Systems. IEEE Trans. Energ. Convers. 33 (4), 1669–1676. doi:10.1109/tec.2018.2850853 Under the PP mode shown in Figure 8A, the SOC of these four batteries is approximately the same after 90ms. It should be mentioned that the B2 should be discharged directly, but it was charged first and then discharged during the equalization process. This undoubtedly causes some power and makes the system relatively time-consuming. As for CP mode, presented in Figure 8B, the equalization time is about 50ms, which is significantly reduced compared to PP mode. That is probably due to the power delivery of the CP mode being simple and direct which reduces the energy circulation. Finally, both modes could work together to make the system time-saving. The control complexity of the combined mode is equal to the individual mode. As is shown in Figure 8C, there is still energy circulation, which is the cost of fast equalization. To further reduce the power loss, the recharged battery should be idling, but the time is the cost as well. Therefore, the contradiction between equalization time and equalization loss always exists. How to balance them and proper evaluation methods for practical projects are key issues and should be further developed. Economic AnalysisLiu, W.; Song, Y.; Liao, H.; Li, H.; Zhang, X.; Jiao, Y.; Peng, J.; Huang, Z. Distributed voltage equalization design for supercapacitors using state observer. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2018, 55, 620–630. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Mohan, N.; Undeland, T.M.; Robbins, W.P. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design; John wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2003. [ Google Scholar] When wiring, please unplug the wiring terminals to prevent the wrong sequence or short circuit. After connecting the wires, test and verify the wiring sequence. The number of fuzzy sets of the input parameters determines the number of membership functions in the first layer. The theoretical domain of ∆ SOC is 0–0.6, SOC avg is in 0–1, ∆ V is in 0 to 1, and V avg is in 2.6–4.2. In terms of the imbalanced state of the battery and characteristics, the theoretical domain of the inputs is divided into five fuzzy sets of very large (VL), large (L), medium (M), small (S), and very small (VS). A fuzzy rule base is developed through expert knowledge of the battery equalization control process and practical experience. Finally, the number of membership functions is obtained. The membership functions selected are all Gaussian functions, denoted as where a is the center of the membership function, b is the width of the membership function, and a and b, as antecedent parameters of the fuzzy neural network, are obtained via database training and learning.
Lipu, M.S.H.; Faisal, M.; Ansari, S.; Hannan, M.A.; Karim, T.F.; Ayob, A.; Saad, M.H.M. Review of electric vehicle converter configurations, control schemes and optimizations: Challenges and suggestions. Electronics 2021, 10, 477. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Santos, G. Road transport and CO 2 emissions: What are the challenges? Transp. Policy 2017, 59, 71–74. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Shang, Y., Cui, N., Duan, B., and Zhang, C. (2017). A Global Modular Equalizer Based on Forward Conversion for Series-Connected Battery Strings. IEEE J. Emerging Selected Top. Power Elect. 6, 1456–1469. doi:10.1109/jestpe.2017.2768388 Das, U.K.; Shrivastava, P.; Tey, K.S.; Idris, M.Y.I.B.; Mekhilef, S.; Jamei, E.; Seyedmahmoudian, M.; Stojcevski, A. Advancement of lithium-ion battery cells voltage equalization techniques: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 134, 110227. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Silva, P.S.; Bastos, A.; Libonati, R.; Rodrigues, J.A.; DaCamara, C.C. Impacts of the 1.5 °C global warming target on future burned area in the Brazilian Cerrado. For. Ecol. Manag. 2019, 446, 193–203. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or Step 1: Establish a four-battery test platform. Set the initial SOC of battery (80%, 60%, 50%, and 30%). All components values are selected according to Table 3. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special
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