Mandela's Way: Lessons for an Uncertain Age

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Benson 1986, pp.85–86; Mandela 1994, pp.347–357; Meredith 2010, pp.172–175; Smith 2010, p.175; Sampson 2011, pp.132–133. Nelson knew he would be in big trouble if the authorities found out about the secret army and their plans, and so he kept a very low profile. He lived in hiding – and even dressed in disguise! But in August 1962, he was arrested on his return from a trip to Algeria in Northern Africa, and sentenced to five years in prison. From there, things only got worse for Nelson… Nelson Mandela funeral: 'Millions misspent' ". BBC News. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017. Mandela, Nelson (2004) [1994]. Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 (large printed.). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7540-8724-3. In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he would retain the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by F. W. de Klerk. [197] In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. [198] Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. [199] Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. [200] [201] Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa. [202]

Vecchiatto, Paul; Stone, Setumo; Magubane, Khulekani (6 December 2013). "Nelson Mandela to be laid to rest on December 15". Business Day. South Africa . Retrieved 6 December 2013. Polgreen, Lydia (24 May 2013). "Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public". The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2016. Sampson, Anthony (2011) [1999]. Mandela: The Authorised Biography. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-743797-9. Nelson Mandela condition worsens as Zuma cancels trip". BBC News. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2013. Benson 1986, pp.116–117; Meer 1988, pp.201–202; Mandela 1994, pp.435–435; Meredith 2010, pp.215–216; Smith 2010, pp.275–276; Sampson 2011, pp.170–172.Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.

Benson 1986, pp.120–134; Meer 1988, pp.210–213; Mandela 1994, pp.468–482; Lodge 2006, pp.104–106; Meredith 2010, pp.218–426; Sampson 2011, pp.174–176. Recovering from tuberculosis exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell, [193] Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison, near Paarl, in December 1988. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and he used the time to complete his LLB degree. [194] While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo. [195] [196] Benson 1986, p.23; Meer 1988, pp.25–26; Mandela 1994, pp.89–94; Lodge 2006, pp.12–13; Smith 2010, p.40; Meredith 2010, pp.27–28; Sampson 2011, pp.29–30.Remembering the moment that SA soldiers marched into Lesotho - The Mail & Guardian". 19 September 2018.

Wade, John (30 April 2017). London Curiosities: The Capital's Odd & Obscure, Weird & Wonderful Places. ISBN 9781473879133. Hogg, Chris (15 July 2004). "Mandela urges action to fight TB". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2004. Oppenheim, Claire E. (2012). "Nelson Mandela and the Power of Ubuntu". Religions. 3 (2): 369–388. doi: 10.3390/rel3020369.

Why did Nelson Mandela go to prison?

Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa's Cape Province. [2] Given the forename Rolihlahla, [a] a Xhosa term colloquially meaning "troublemaker", [5] in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. [6] His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was ruler of the Thembu Kingdom in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa's modern Eastern Cape province. [7] One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. [8] Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called "Left-Hand House", the descendants of his cadet branch of the royal family were morganatic, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors. [9] Murphy, Jarrett (30 January 2003). "Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq". CBS News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2013. Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013). "Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song". The Guardian . Retrieved 23 January 2017. At Sisulu's house, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving into a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. [60] Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of meningitis nine months later. [61] Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. [62] In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust. [63]