Morning Glory Milking Farm (Cambric Creek: Sweet & Steamy Monster Romance Book 1)

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Dairy cattle housing systems vary greatly throughout the world depending on the climate, dairy size, and feeding strategies. Housing must provide access to feed, water and protection from relevant environmental conditions. One issue for housing cattle is temperature extremes. Heat stress can decrease fertility and milk production in cattle. [11] Providing shade is a very common method for reducing heat stress. Barns may also incorporate fans or tunnel ventilation into the architecture of the barn structure. [12] Overly cold conditions, while rarely deadly for cattle, cause increases in maintenance energy requirements and thus increased feed intake and decreased milk production. [13] During the winter months, where temperatures are low enough, dairy cattle are often kept inside barns which are warmed by their collective body heat. Water is a vital commodity on a dairy farm: cows drink about 20 gallons (80 litres) a day, sheds need water to cool and clean them. Pumps and reservoirs are common at milking facilities. Water can be warmed by heat transfer with milk. Casein is the predominant phosphoprotein found in fresh milk. It has a very wide range of uses from being a filler for human foods, such as in ice cream, to the manufacture of products such as fabric, adhesives, and plastics. Flores-Mendoza AP, Hernández-García H, Cocotle-Ronzón Y and Hernandez-Martinez E, Methanogenesis of raw cheese whey: pH and substrate–inoculum ratio evaluation at mesophyll temperature range. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 95:1946–1952 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6391

Leptospirosis is an infection that can be transmitted to people who work in dairy production through exposure to urine or to contaminated water or soil. [29] [30] The higher the energy levels (fat and protein), the less starter feed (feed which is given to young animals) the animal will consume. Weaning can take place when a calf is consuming at least two pounds of starter feed a day and has been on starter for at least three weeks. [39]As of 2009 there were 1.2billion cattle in the world, with around 82% in the developing countries; [73] the totals only increased since then, with the 2021 figure at 1.53billion. [74] As of 2020, it was found that in the current Eastern Mediterranean climate, cattle experience mild heat stress inside unadapted stalls for nearly half a year (159 days), while moderate heat stress is felt indoors and outdoors during May, June, July, August, September, and October. Additionally, June and August are the months where cattle are exposed to severe heat stress outside, which is mitigated to moderate heat stress indoors. [75] Even mild heat stress can reduce the yield of cow milk: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25°C (68–77°F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 0.2kg, with the loss reaching 0.54kg for 25–30°C (77–86°F). [76] Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%. [77] In the intensive farming systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8kg during severe heat stress. In organic farming systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk quality suffers substantially, with lower fat and protein content. [78] In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4kg in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2kg) due to climate change. [79] Some researchers suggest that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress. [80] :747 See also [ edit ] The dairy industry is a constantly evolving business. Management practices change with new technology and regulations that move the industry toward increased economic and environmental sustainability. Management strategies can also loosely be divided into intensive and extensive systems. Extensive systems operate based on a low input and low output philosophy, where intensive systems adopt a high input high output philosophy. These philosophies as well as available technologies, local regulations, and environmental conditions manifest in different management of nutrition, housing, health, reproduction and waste. Kroger to complete transition to certified rBST-free milk by early 2008 (press release)". Kroger. 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019 . Retrieved 29 January 2008. In the United States a dairy can also be a place that processes, distributes and sells dairy products, or a room, building or establishment where milk is stored and processed into milk products, such as butter or cheese. In New Zealand English the singular use of the word dairy almost exclusively refers to a corner shop, or superette. This usage is historical as such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products. Dairy Facts the Industry Doesn't Want You to Know". Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018.

Regulatory Definitions of Large CAFOs, Medium CAFO, and Small CAFOs" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 26 September 2008. a b Rushen, J., de Passillé, A. M., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2008). The welfare of cattle. Animal Welfare Vol. 5. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 21-35. The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, followed by a "dry" period of about two months of forty-five to fifty days, before calving which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frame can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation. [36]

Milk is estimated to have been responsible for 18% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in 2014. [47] Market [ edit ] Worldwide [ edit ] Holstein cows on a dairy farm, Comboyne, New South Wales Dairy farm in Võru Parish, Estonia Milk Replacer Costs and Your Options". eXtension. 19 January 2011. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2013. Plants producing liquid milk and products with short shelf life, such as yogurts, creams and soft cheeses, tend to be located on the outskirts of urban centres close to consumer markets. Plants manufacturing items with longer shelf life, such as butter, milk powders, cheese and whey powders, tend to be situated in rural areas closer to the milk supply. Most large processing plants tend to specialise in a limited range of products. Exceptionally, however, large plants producing a wide range of products are still common in Eastern Europe, a holdover from the former centralised, supply-driven concept of the market under Communist governments. [9] As in many other branches of the food industry, dairy processing in the major dairy producing countries has become increasingly concentrated, with fewer but larger and more efficient plants operated by fewer workers. This is notably the case in the United States, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In 2009, charges of antitrust violations have been made against major dairy industry players in the United States, which critics call "Big Milk". [6] Another round of price fixing charges was settled in 2016. [7] Safeway milk free of bovine hormone". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (via AP). 22 January 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2008.