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Breeding females have more body mass than non-breeding females between the months of March and September with a difference of around 10kg (22lb) more than non-breeding females.

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These are countercurrent exchange systems with the same fluid, usually blood, in a circuit, used for both directions of flow. To the Inuit, for whom the caribou is a "culturally important keystone species", the months are named after landmarks in the caribou life cycle. Wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting.Domestic reindeer are mostly found in northern Fennoscandia and the Russian North, with a herd of approximately 150–170 reindeer living around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

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Rangifer originated in the Late Pliocene and diversified in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. R. constantini was then replaced by modern tundra/barren-ground caribou adapted to extreme cold, probably in Beringia, before dispersing west ( R. t. setoni) from Sakhalin and the East Greenland caribou from eastern Greenland, [28] [29] [30] although some authorities believe that the latter, R. A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer, including overhunting by people in some areas, which contributes to the decline of populations.Canadian examples include the Caribou Inuit, the inland-dwelling Inuit of the Kivalliq Region in northern Canada, the Caribou Clan in the Yukon, the Iñupiat, the Inuvialuit, the Hän, the Northern Tutchone, and the Gwichʼin (who followed the Porcupine caribou herd for millennia). The wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus: Cerv From 1898 to 1937, mammalogists named 12 new species (other than barren-ground and woodland, which had been named earlier) of caribou in Canada and Alaska, and three new species and nine new subspecies in Eurasia, each properly described according to the evolving rules of zoological nomenclature, with type localities designated and type specimens deposited in museums (see table in Species and subspecies below). Central barren-ground male caribou antlers are perhaps the most diverse in configuration and can grow to be very high and wide. The Gwichʼin, an indigenous people of northwestern Canada and northeastern Alaska, have been dependent on the international migratory Porcupine caribou herd for millennia.

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constantini, which was adapted for grasslands, [61] in a second immigration 19,000–20,000 years ago when the LGM turned its forest habitats into tundra, while fennicus survived in isolation in southwestern Europe.But there was a man who wished for caribou, and he cut a hole deep in the ground, and up this hole came caribou, many caribou. Rocky Mountain caribou are extirpated from Banff National Park, [202] but a small population remains in Jasper National Park and in mountain ranges to the northwest into British Columbia. After this, however, non-breeding females on average have a higher body fat mass than do breeding females.

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While overall widespread and numerous, some reindeer species and subspecies are rare and three subspecies have already become extinct. Both Aristotle and Theophrastus have short accounts – probably based on the same source – of an ox-sized deer species, named tarandos, living in the land of the Bodines in Scythia, which was able to change the colour of its fur to obtain camouflage. But Skal 1982 had included specimens from the eastern end of the Alaska Peninsula and the Kenai Peninsula, the range of the larger Stone's caribou.

Reindeer are good swimmers and, in one case, the entire body of a reindeer was found in the stomach of a Greenland shark ( Somniosus microcephalus), a species found in the far North Atlantic. Lichens are a crucial part of the reindeer diet; however, they are less prevalent in the diet of pregnant reindeer compared to non-pregnant individuals. Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34 000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada ( Environment Canada, 2011b).