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Dräger, U.C., and Hubel, D.H. (1975). Responses to visual stimulation and relationship between visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in mouse superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 38, 690–713. Chen, A.X., Yan, J.J., Zhang, W., Wang, L., Yu, Z.X., Ding, X.J., Wang, D. Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y.L., Song, N., et al. (2020). Specific hypothalamic neurons required for sensing conspecific male cues relevant to inter-male aggression. Neuron 108, 763–774.e6. dos Santos, L.M., Boschen, S.L., Bortolanza, M., de Oliveira, W.F., Furigo, I.C., Mota-Ortiz, S.R., Da Cunha, C., and Canteras, N.S. (2012). The role of the ventrolateral caudoputamen in predatory hunting. Physiol Behav 105, 893–898. Behavioral models of depression in laboratory animals often entail exposure to stress followed by measures of consummatory behavior, exploration, disruption of sleep or comfort, and resistance to survival threats ( Yan et al., 2010). These measures have been proposed as indices of the putative effectiveness of antidepressant manipulations. Although animal models of depression are widely used, the external and construct validity of such modeling of psychopathology in laboratory animals has been questioned ( Molendijk and de Kloet, 2015; Pound and Ritskes-Hoitinga, 2018). Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D., and Sternson, S.M. (2011). AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat Neurosci 14, 351–355.

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Action Circuits offer a comprehensive electronic component testing service for Semiconductor devices. Blok, B.F.M. (2002). Central pathways controlling micturition and urinary continence. Urology 59, 13–17.Bianco, I.H., and Engert, F. (2015). Visuomotor transformations underlying hunting behavior in zebrafish. Curr Biol 25, 831–846. Bayless, D.W., Yang, T., Mason, M.M., Susanto, A.A.T., Lobdell, A., and Shah, N.M. (2019). Limbic neurons shape sex recognition and social behavior in sexually naive males. Cell 176, 1190–1205.e20.

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Livneh, Y., Ramesh, R.N., Burgess, C.R., Levandowski, K.M., Madara, J. C., Fenselau, H., Goldey, G.J., Diaz, V.E., Jikomes, N., Resch, J.M., et al. (2017). Homeostatic circuits selectively gate food cue responses in insular cortex. Nature 546, 611–616. It has been proposed that interest in the antidepressant efficacy of psychostimulants persists due to the induction of a fast-acting, but short-lived, mood elevation ( Candy et al., 2008; Malhi et al., 2016). This suggests that stimulants influence mood differently than established antidepressants, which have a delayed clinical onset of days or weeks ( Malhi et al., 2016; Harmer et al., 2017). Given that the mood elevation produced by psychostimulants is typically short lived, one may wonder whether such drugs can induce a lasting mood improvement when their bioavailability is increased. An initial answer is provided by a randomized controlled trial carried out to assess the effectiveness of an extended-release formulation of methylphenidate as an adjunct medication for treatment-resistant depression ( Patkar et al., 2006). No clinical efficacy was found. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the rapid-onset mood elevation inducted by psychostimulants can become sustained by drug formulation or dose regimen. In addition, it would be of interest to assess the efficacy of drugs that target the dopamine transporter more specifically than conventional psychomotor stimulants. At present, the prescription of stimulants for depression remains controversial: Clinicians are advised to use stimulants sparingly and only as additions to other antidepressant drugs for the purpose of improving arousal and tiredness ( Malhi et al., 2016). Bolton, A.D., Haesemeyer, M., Jordi, J., Schaechtle, U., Saad, F.A., Mansinghka, V.K., Tenenbaum, J.B., and Engert, F. (2019). Elements of a stochastic 3D prediction engine in larval zebrafish prey capture. eLife 8, e51975. In the following subsections we summarize evidence that gave rise to the series-circuit hypothesis as well as evidence that challenges this longstanding account of brain-reward circuitry. We then discuss the implications of the convergence model for interpretation of the effect of MFB stimulation on relief of treatment-resistant depression. Intracranial Self-Stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle: Phenomenology Douglass, A.M., Kucukdereli, H., Ponserre, M., Markovic, M., Gründemann, J., Strobel, C., Alcala Morales, P.L., Conzelmann, K.K., Lüthi, A., and Klein, R. (2017). Central amygdala circuits modulate food consumption through a positive-valence mechanism. Nat Neurosci 20, 1384–1394.Barker, A.J., and Baier, H. (2013). SINs and SOMs: neural microcircuits for size tuning in the zebrafish and mouse visual pathway. Front Neural Circuits 7, 89.